Fill in the blank: The ship _____ Robinson arrived on the island.

The correct answer to fill in the blank is "having been broken." This option correctly describes the situation in which the ship experienced a breakdown before the event of arriving on the island.

If we break down the phrase:

    
• "having been broken" is a perfect participle phrase. It indicates a completed action that has relevance to the present or another action.
    
• This means the ship broke down prior to the time when Robinson arrived on the island, highlighting the cause of his situation.

Other options would not fit grammatically or logically in this context:

    
• a. had been broken: This would suggest the ship was broken before a past event, but it doesn't directly tie to the moment of arriving.
    
• b. having broken: This option is incorrect because it does not indicate the status of the ship after it was broken.
    
• c. has broken: This suggests a current state and does not convey that he arrived after the ship had already been broken.
    
• d. having been broken: This is similar to the correct answer but less common in this context.

Thus, "having been broken" effectively communicates that the ship's condition is relevant to Robinson's arrival on the island.

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